pull-up resistors must be provided by at least one device. i’m not sure teletype alone provides that. the backpack will, however.
with everything connected, are you able to send i2c from teletype to er-301? if it works, the next thing to try is update 16n with leader firmware and see if it can send to er-301 directly (you will still need to have backpack connected for pull-ups, just don’t send anything from teletype at the same time as multiple leaders are not supported).
no, the leader/follower are two different firmwares. pull-up resistors don’t control the mode, they just provide the hardware needed by i2c.