I certainly can’t claim to be an expert. Just now learning about these things for the first time myself.
And that calculator leaves a ton of wiggle room, so I’m not 100% confident about the best way to use it.
But you’d want to put your input ranges into the top two fields (for eurorack that’s usually going to be -10V to +10V or -5V to +5V) and the output ranges into the next two fields (0V to +4V for Bela.io). Then you want a reference voltage. I use an IC to get this and I’ve ordered 3.3V reference voltage ICs, if I remember correctly (all this stuff is sitting next to my breadboard right now waiting for me to get around to it). Then you play with the resistor values until everything lines up. You want to choose resistor values that allow you to use simple and common resistors, so you aren’t overspending on weird resistor values.
The circuit scales voltages. So, in the example above, -10V becomes 0V and +10V becomes +4V. You can make them scale to whatever you want. Just use the values appropriate for your use case.
The consequences of getting it wrong can involve releasing the magic smoke. For example, you really don’t want negative voltages of any kind going into a Bela analog input. It will fry the board.
As for out-of-expected-range voltages, I think you can protect yourself from that using diodes. This is something I haven’t investigated as deeply yet.