The one at the top is a hairy capacitor, ie. you can choose the value you want, usually Peter gives a “reference” but you can choose what you want (more or less) for its value.
The one at the bottom is a 103 film cap (you’ll find this symbol on all paper circuits, just count the number of bars to get the value, 3 bars = 103, 4 bars = 104, 2 = 102 etc.)
Same here, the two at the top are 10k indeed, you can choose the value of the “x” (you could also put a trimpot or potentiometer here).
Yep they are the same (brass pins/touch points/banana sockets).
[quote=“barnjazz, post:632, topic:3322”]
4. what’s this?

This is a jumper (or a 0 ohm resistor), you can just use a small piece of insulated wire to connect it.
The part circled is an LM358 IC, and you have a jumper just a its right 