They do, I’m afraid, though not that much. Broadcast condenser mics for instance can take a beating, but their cost is somewhat higher. In any case, you can’t hammer nails with a condenser mic the same way you can with an SM58.
You cannot go wrong with an SM57. I think all microphones are limited in their application, a bit like camera lenses.
Sensitivity/output level is quite different on dynamic vs condenser (md421 = 2mV/Pa, ev-re320 = 2.5mV/Pa, condenser mic chart here). My first mic was a seriously noisy and low quality electret, I won’t even name it (1mV/Pa); used it with a minidisc and still took a fair number of inspiring recordings that ended up on finished tracks. Out in the street a beaten SM58 makes speech recordings decent enough to air on radio. In any case, the sensitivity / output level will probably determine your choice. I’ve settled on Sony PCM-M10 - a fantastic handheld recorder, great sensitive built-in mics, and I also use it with a variety of external mics directly (Sennheiser MKE-2, Røde NTG-2, any dynamic), or it takes a preamp via line-in when the quality demands are higher (e.g. BP4025 for ambiences). Condensers in the field absolutely need windshields of the shell+fur type.
A good mic will last you a long time. Have a think about what kind of sounds you might be after at first. Loud sounds work well with dynamic mics; for everything else dynamics require quiet preamps, and delicate sounds tend to be out of reach. Ambiences need 2+ channels, usually condenser capsules, and the pattern ends up colouring the recording, especially with moving sources.
I would definitely check out the Electrovoice 635ND and Beyerdynamic M59 - EV have a wonderful comparison on youtube, and you might also like this blind test (answers here). TIL SM57 and SM58 share the same capsule.