Without being to wordy:
Ambisonics is a recording method which aims to preserve the spatial relationships in the sounds, so that the sound field can be recreated on an appropriate system (speaker array).
The microphone array decomposes the sound field into components known as spherical harmonics. These form an orthonormal set of basis functions which can describe functions present on the sphere (the incident sound field). Similar to how a fourier series can be used to reconstruct any time varying signal, the spherical harmonics are used to recreate the sound field.
There are existing microphones that accomplish this. The eigenmike is one. most have few sensors. This restricts the upper frequencies which it can record from spatial aliasing. The aim of this project was to get more sensors. I used 120 MEMS mircophones and an FPGA. The shape is a compromise, ideally it would be a sphere, but given the time constraints of the project I used an icosahedron made of PCBs. It’s roughly the size of a human head.
I probably owe you all a picture for this. debugging this thing was a bit of a nightmare…