Great questions!
You’re right that the circuit acts as a low-pass filter, but not for audio: the capacitor is there to stabilize the op-amp and reduce high-frequency oscillations. The value was chosen so that there would be no noticeable filtering in the audio band.
The arrangement with the feedback taken from outside the current-limiting resistor is referred to as a “zero-impedance output”, and it helps reduce instability due to capacitive loading. It also avoids attenuation caused by the output stage of this module forming a voltage divider with the input stage of another, but that is less important for this particular circuit. The gain is actually -1.0, rather than -1.01, as the output is taken between R24 and R22; have a look here: circuitjs
With that said, were I building a Nearness today, I’d use a lower value for R24 - just make sure the op-amp can supply the necessary current.
Douglas Self’s Small Signal Audio Design describes both these techniques in detail. I’d also recommend having a look at the schematics published by Émilie Gillet/Mutable Instruments for many more examples.