you need to learn some linux really (+additionally to the language/framework itself you want to program in)
luckily there are lots of learning resources for raspberry pi and preconfigured images. You’re able to run and program many different things, a universe really… Nowadays you’re likely to be up and running and come quite far in no time, with step by step solutions for all sort of things. But: you’re likely to hit problems, being it concerning the operating system or configurations… Solutions found might also be for a specific OS or version and may vary. Then you’re lost without more linux knowledge…
arduino on the other side is a safe environment which provides a c like synthax with access to the hardware and you can just start programming and not have to worry about the OS. (like a blank canvas ready to go)
I’m doing some programming with node.js and midi and deploy it occassionally to the raspberry pi (without GUI or any screen)… also have the hifiberry, using it as a airplay station though… has never let me down (after some initial installion problems due to my limited linux knowledge, but because I used a special linux version)