Using cellular automata as a music making tool?

3-foot-1 · 2024-05-12T18:40:28.006Z

I agree, ORCA, cool as it is, is not a 2d CA system. It’s a livecoding environment that happens to be laid out on a grid.

Less concepts is the most prominent CA example on lines, but it’s 1d.

Anything based on Conway’s game of life is interesting from the point of view of seeing how people try to interpret points in 2d space as music or sound, but the CA itself was not conceived with music in mind, so it’s an odd fit.

For things that fit the bill more closely in this space, you might look at grd: grd | norns community. Grd works with a 2d state, at least. I suspect, though, that when you dig under the hood you’ll find that the underlying CA is 1d, but I’m not sure. It’s an interesting script, though, because the author takes CA as a composition tool very seriously.

And of course, depending on how you look at it, arcologies might be seen as a dedicated 2d musical CA script: arcologies | norns community. OK, maybe not a CA in any strict sense, but it is an interesting example of thinking about how objects in a 2d space might represent sound.

And finally, as another example of representing data in 2d as sound, there’s overwintering: https://norns.community/overwintering. Seriously beautiful.

Thinking about all of these examples, it seems as if the most significant challenge is coming up with a CA that grows/changes in musically interesting ways, instead of just devolving into randomness and/or noise. I think that grd and overwintering are good examples of tackling that question.

staysh · 2024-05-12T19:51:23.781Z

Something that always strike me about the implementation of generative systems for composition is how loosely coupled the algorithm/signal source is with the representation of that data in sound.

If one is quantizing a signal (in time or value) from some system, are we even “listening” to that system any more? Results and not this question arguably matter more.

I wonder how 2D state of CA could be represented in sound in a way that didn’t abstract away its information into other structures that no longer represent the process.

iota-xSK · 2024-05-12T22:30:51.972Z

Hmm yeah after all these replies while I do find it interesting to have a cellular automaton create music, it’s ultimately very difficult. I still want to keep the “no hidden state” property of cellular automata in my system, doing so with cellular automata is too difficult. Thanks for all the input everyone!

graymazes · 2024-05-12T23:39:51.603Z

I find the structure of 1d elementary CA pretty directly translatable to musical state. Each step in history is just an array of gates.

a binary grid controller makes a great interface for 1D elem CA. it allows at least three dfifferent manipulations:

toggle button to set state directly
toggle button to change a bit in the 8b rule representation
toggle button to change the rule such that that state would have been produced

here is a brief and silly video. it is probably the first grid patch made on norns actually. all those interactions are available. the mapping is that the most recent state simply toggles gates on a bank of sinewaves. sinewaves are tuned to harmonic series here; pitch in this patch could also be set by MIDI or captured audio. simple enough idea.

another mapping i’ve enjoyed is to use specific (maybe arbitrary) history states as (e.g.) drum machine voice patterns.

in both applications, adding an arbitrary pulse delay per cell can afford some more musical flexibility.

another point id make is that the state arrays need to be pretty long to exhibit “classic” behavior, so I always use a window of 8 cells or whatever. (less concepts doesnt so this iirc, just uses a very small state array.) scrubbing the window offset is a useful modulation.

[ed] oh right the silly video

distropolis · 2024-05-13T00:07:22.291Z

I’m using 1D CA as a pattern sequencer in a commercial synth I just released. It’s great for providing constantly evolving patterns. Specifically, I’m using it to determine event location. The 256 rule sets are available, and the initial conditions can either be a single cell or a randomly generated series of events.

I’ve been interested in CA since I had a program on my first Mac in the 1980s. I had no idea what it was, but I found the little patterns intriguing.

kev · 2024-05-13T00:18:11.605Z

dunno if this qualifies but I got a lot of inspiration from @yota’s (of grd fame) supercoliider process walkthrough video

xmacex · 2024-05-13T00:28:49.887Z

Norns comes with a cellular automata library for programming, by the way. It’s called elca.

graymazes · 2024-05-13T02:15:35.046Z

indeed, video above is kind of a demo of that library. (Script code is trivial - I may have thrown it away…) in any case was written before most of norns API existed, so was not a great reference.)

(note the unusual inclusion of set_rule_by_state()!)

imminent_gloom · 2024-05-13T04:49:07.556Z

Regardless of triviality, I want that to a sufficient degree that i have to rewrite it tonight, so shiny

tremblap · 2024-05-13T07:30:44.848Z

staysh:

I wonder how 2D state of CA could be represented in sound in a way that didn’t abstract away its information into other structures that no longer represent the process.

This is exactly what Scott McLaughlin and I tackled a certain time ago. the premise was that we were tired of sonification’s bias - soooooo many pentatonic mappings all sounding the same! My strong opinions on sonification are irrelevant here but they were the trigger to start thinking of ways to refrain from quantizing the space in which the algo was running - a sort of subversion of the idea of cells and proximity and birth, survival, death rules… and thus was born Spectral Conway. I think the paper explains it clearly, but if not, fire your questions away!

eprints.hud.ac.uk

TremblaySpectral.pdf

Enjoy!

Cementimental · 2024-05-13T11:39:04.637Z

This Nintendo DS music rom uses cellular automata:

GameBrew – 4 May 24

GlitchDS

GlitchDS is a homebrew Cellular Automaton music sequencer for the Nintendo DS. It is for creating IDM and Glitch style loops. R4DS is required for using this application.

alanholding · 2024-05-14T16:27:58.851Z

Just a little note that the Radio Web Macba website seems to have had a change around, so the old URL to the Composing with Process podcasts isn’t working. This one (a link to a tag for the podcast series) seems to work: COMPOSING WITH PROCESS | Radio Web MACBA | RWM Podcasts.

neauoire · 2024-05-14T20:46:11.919Z

I don’t have much to add except that wireworld could be made to work for this, but as we’ve talked before, you’d need to be able to build wireworld prefabs and include them in the composition easily, a sort of base syntax for a higher level system. From there, connection wireworld to I/O can be done like:

qu-ants is a simple 2 bit reversible automaton that might be worth exploring for livecoding music:

ryba · 2024-05-15T12:20:00.745Z

Yep. Love this one. Anyway, there is also PC/Mac version of the sequencer from the same author, Bret Truchan.

dontcrack.com

Download Glitch Sequencer by Glitch Sequencer

Glitch Sequencer is a free cellular automaton based MIDI sequencer for the PC and Mac. It offers an interesting style of composition based on evolving patterns and is great for fast, fluid experimentation. Glitch Sequencer was written by Bret Truchan

You can also check his other work here:

GitHub

clone45 - Overview

clone45 has 9 repositories available. Follow their code on GitHub.

imminent_gloom · 2024-05-16T07:14:05.403Z

I found old post:

norns: scripting

elcos.lua (4.5 KB)

Used it as a reference, then just plain used bits of it to get a 1D CA running on my norns, no sound, outputs first four rows to crow (maybe all to ansible, but have not tested).

Summary

-- 1D Cellular automata
-- v2? imminent gloom
--
--
-- adapted from elcos.lua
-- by zebra


g = grid.connect()

elca = require 'elca'

ca = elca.new()

local g_br = 4
local g_br_strong = 10

local rule_delay = 0
local name = 'rule'
local t_name = name

params:add_separator('1D CA')

params:add_control('rule', 'rule', controlspec.new(1, 256, 'lin', 1, 34, '', 1/256, true))
params:set_action('rule', function(x) ca.rule = x end)

params:add_control('offset', 'offset', controlspec.new(0, 119, 'lin', 1, 0, '', 1/120, false))
params:set_action('offset', function(x) ca.offset = x end)


-- creates and zeros 16x128 slot memory
function no_history()
    col = {}
    history = {}
    for y = 1, 128 do col[y] = 0 end
    for x = 1, 16 do history[x] = col end
end


-- clock function
function forever()
    while true do
        clock.sync (1/4)
        col = ca:window(128)
        table.insert(history, col)
        table.remove(history, 1)
        ca:update()
        -- Eurorack output modes:
        --crow_output_gate()
        crow_output_pulse()
        --crow_ansible_output()
        redraw_all()
    end
end


function init()
    c = clock.run(forever)
    no_history()
    ca.state[9] = 1
end


function g.key(x, y, z)
    y = params:get('offset') + y
    if z == 1 then
        if x == 16 then
            if ca.state[y] == 1 then ca.state[y] = 0 else ca.state[y] = 1 end
        elseif x > 4 then
            -- earlier rows - change the rule such that it would have produced a different value
            -- (and change the state too)
            local col = history[x-1]
            local l, r
            if y == 1 then l = col[128] else l = col[y-1] end
            if y == 128 then r = col[1] else r = col[y+1] end
            local c = col[y]
            local val
            if history[x][y] == 1  then val = 0 else val = 1 end
            history[x][y] = val
            ca.state[y] = c
            ca:set_rule_by_state(history[x][y], l, c, r)
            params:set('rule', ca.rule)
        end
    redraw_all()
    end
end


function key(n, z)
    if z == 1 then
        if n == 3 then
            ca:clear()
            no_history()
            redraw_all()
        end 
    end
end


function enc(n, d)
    if n == 1 then
        params:delta('clock_tempo', d)
        t_name = 'clock_tempo'
        name = 'bpm'
    end
    if n == 2 then
        params:delta('rule', d)
        t_name = 'rule'
        name = 'rule'
        end
    if n == 3 then
        params:delta('offset', d)
        t_name = 'offset'
        name = 'shift'
    end
    redraw_all()
end


function redraw()
    screen.clear()
    screen.font_face(10)
    screen.font_size(32)
    screen.move(1,56)
    screen.text(name .. ': ' .. params:get(t_name))
    if name ~= 'rule' then
        rule_delay = rule_delay + 1
    end
    if rule_delay == 10 then
        name = 'rule'
        t_name = name
        rule_delay = 0
    end
    screen.update()
end

function redraw_grid()
    local val
    for x = 1, 16 do
        if x == 16 then val = g_br_strong else val = g_br end
        local col = history[x]
        local z
        for y = 1, 8 do
            if col[y] == 1 then z = val else z = 0 end
            g:led(x, y, z)
        end
    end
    g:refresh()
end


function redraw_all()
    redraw()
    redraw_grid()
end


function crow_output_gate()
    for y = 1, 4 do 
        local col = history[16]
        local z
        if col[y] == 1 then z = 10 else z = 0 end
        crow.output[y].volts = z
    end
end


function crow_output_pulse()
    for y = 1, 4 do 
        local col = history[16]
        local z
        if col[y] == 1 then
            crow.output[y].action = "pulse(0.005)"
            crow.output[y]()
        end
    end
end


function ansible_crow_output()
    local col = history[16]
    local z
    for y = 1, 4 do 
        if col[y] == 1 then z = 1 else z = 0 end
        crow.ii.ansible.trigger(y, z)
    end
    for y = 5, 4 do 
        if col[y] == 1 then z = 10 else z = 0 end
        crow.ii.ansible.cv(y, z)
    end
end


function cleanup()
    
end

Hope it’s ok to resurrect.

pandafish · 2024-05-16T15:01:01.395Z

Also wanted to mention NLC Cellular Automata as a modular option for this sort of thing - I’ve been considering picking one up.

image1200×1800 149 KB

xmacex · 2024-05-16T15:25:22.910Z

If we are going down this path, the versatile and experimental Ornament and Crime has/had a Conway’s game of life applet in the Hemisphere Suite (and the lineage of derivates).

The Hemisphere suite wiki page says that

Note: Game of Life was an experimental applet, and was retired from Hemisphere Suite after v1.3. It had only tangential musical utility

…same if which can be said of all life… limited utility…

Anyway, I’m mentioning it not to mention the module, but maybe the way it worked can be fun to think through. There is this little crosshair called Traveler you can move with CV, and draw there with triggers. The outputs are global density and local density near the crosshair. I think this is cool, because it follows along the idea of cellular automata as reduced to mere “squares on a grid” (you don’t need to conceptualize cells or automatons to get that), but more as some kind of colony or culture… more true to the original ideas and cultural reception of CAs.

SynthDad explains how it works.

Obvs there are many other CAs to think about than the game of life from Conway. If you are me (and I appreciate if you don’t), there is one big CA lurking between your rack and your chair

andrei_jay · 2024-05-16T16:25:07.996Z

i’ve developed more than a couple of experiments along these lines. i think the most fruitful that i found was a 1D CA that i used as a seed for generative waveshaping. it was something like 16 samples, each with like 32 bits resolution, controls for a lag filter over the samples as well as lag filter over the time domain. thinking back on this, this would probably be a fairly gnarly modulation source, and is also more or less the same core concept as a linear feedback shift register.

imminent_gloom · 2024-05-20T11:54:14.454Z

;install https://github.com/imminentgloom/CA

norns, crow, grid - gate sequencer, mostly pretty patterns.

128 wide, pattern wraps around, all keys set state, endless left/right scrolling.

xmacex · 2024-05-20T12:23:22.192Z

imminent_gloom:

https://github.com/imminentgloom/CA

228 lines, including interactions, user documentation, and interfacing with two considerably different kinds of offboard gear. With no code-golfing. Good job.

Norns